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Le thylacine, ou tigre de Tasmanie, possĂšde tout ce quâil faut pour devenir une lĂ©gende : un animal Ă©trange, exterminĂ© par lâhomme, un dernier individu mort dans un zoo en 1936 et, depuis, des centaines de tĂ©moignages affirmant quâil serait toujours cachĂ© quelque part dans les immensitĂ©s sauvages de Tasmanie. Presque quatre-vingt-dix ans plus tard, une question revient encore : et si nous lâavions dĂ©clarĂ© disparu trop tĂŽt ?
Un marsupial qui ressemblait à un loup rayé
MalgrĂ© ses surnoms de tigre ou de loup de Tasmanie, Thylacinus cynocephalus nâĂ©tait ni un fĂ©lin ni un canidĂ©. CâĂ©tait un marsupial carnivore et le plus grand de son Ă©poque moderne. Son corps allongĂ©, sa queue relativement rigide et surtout les bandes sombres qui striaient son arriĂšre-train lui donnaient cette silhouette immĂ©diatement reconnaissable.

Il nâa pas disparu du continent Ă cause du dingo en Tasmanie
Lâancienne version de cet article mĂ©langeait deux histoires. Le thylacine vivait autrefois sur le continent australien et en Nouvelle-GuinĂ©e, mais il y a disparu il y a environ 3 000 ans. La concurrence avec le dingo fait partie des hypothĂšses avancĂ©es pour expliquer cette disparition continentale. En revanche, le dingo nâĂ©tait pas prĂ©sent en Tasmanie : le dĂ©troit de Bass avait isolĂ© une population de thylacines qui y survĂ©cut jusquâĂ lâĂ©poque moderne.
La véritable catastrophe arrive avec les colons européens
AprĂšs lâinstallation europĂ©enne, les thylacines furent accusĂ©s de sâattaquer aux moutons et considĂ©rĂ©s comme nuisibles. Des primes privĂ©es apparurent dĂšs le XIXe siĂšcle, puis le gouvernement tasmanien instaura en 1888 une prime dâune livre pour un adulte et de dix shillings pour un jeune. Plus de 2 000 primes gouvernementales furent versĂ©es avant la fin du programme en 1909. La chasse, la destruction et la fragmentation de lâhabitat et probablement dâautres facteurs, dont des maladies, participĂšrent au dĂ©clin de lâespĂšce.

1936 : la mort du dernier thylacine connu
Le dernier thylacine connu dans la nature fut tuĂ© en 1930. Un autre individu fut capturĂ© en 1933 dans la Florentine Valley et envoyĂ© au Beaumaris Zoo de Hobart. Il y mourut le 7 septembre 1936, seulement 59 jours aprĂšs que lâespĂšce eut enfin reçu une protection lĂ©gale. On lâa longtemps appelĂ© « Benjamin » et prĂ©sentĂ© comme un mĂąle ; des recherches plus rĂ©centes ont montrĂ© que ces deux Ă©lĂ©ments de lâhistoire nâĂ©taient pas Ă©tablis.

Et pourtant, les tĂ©moignages nâont jamais cessĂ©
Depuis 1936, des centaines de personnes disent avoir vu un thylacine. Gardes forestiers, habitants, chasseurs et promeneurs ont dĂ©crit une silhouette rayĂ©e, une dĂ©marche inhabituelle ou une longue queue rigide. Des recherches ont Ă©tĂ© organisĂ©es, des camĂ©ras installĂ©es et dâinnombrables photographies ou vidĂ©os examinĂ©es. JusquâĂ prĂ©sent, aucune nâa fourni une preuve concluante : pas dâanimal vivant confirmĂ©, pas de carcasse rĂ©cente, pas dâADN moderne incontestable.
Câest ce qui rend les anciennes affirmations de cet article trop affirmatives. Des chercheurs amateurs et cryptozoologues ont effectivement dĂ©fendu lâidĂ©e dâune survie dans des rĂ©gions reculĂ©es, mais leur conviction ne constitue pas une preuve scientifique. Les autoritĂ©s tasmaniennes continuent de considĂ©rer lâespĂšce comme Ă©teinte.
Mais 1936 nâest peut-ĂȘtre pas la vĂ©ritable date dâextinction
Câest ici que lâhistoire devient rĂ©ellement intĂ©ressante. Une Ă©tude scientifique publiĂ©e en 2023 a analysĂ© 1 237 observations et traces rapportĂ©es en Tasmanie depuis 1910 en leur attribuant diffĂ©rents niveaux de fiabilitĂ©. Ses auteurs concluent que lâespĂšce a probablement survĂ©cu dans la nature plusieurs dĂ©cennies aprĂšs la mort du dernier animal captif ; selon les donnĂ©es de meilleure qualitĂ©, la disparition rĂ©elle pourrait se situer entre les annĂ©es 1940 et 1970, tandis que leur modĂ©lisation globale permet mĂȘme une persistance plus tardive. Dâautres Ă©tudes statistiques sont beaucoup plus pessimistes et situent lâextinction probable autour de 1940. La science nâaffirme donc pas que le thylacine vit encore : elle suggĂšre simplement que la date symbolique de 1936 nâest probablement pas aussi certaine quâon le croyait.

Le faire revenir ? Une autre histoire commence
Depuis quelques annĂ©es, des projets de « dĂ©-extinction » promettent de recrĂ©er un animal ressemblant au thylacine Ă partir de matĂ©riel gĂ©nĂ©tique ancien et de techniques dâĂ©dition du gĂ©nome. Il ne sâagit pas simplement de cloner un thylacine intact : aucun animal vivant ne fournit aujourdâhui les cellules nĂ©cessaires Ă un clonage classique. Les difficultĂ©s scientifiques, biologiques et Ă©thiques restent considĂ©rables.

Le mot de la fin
En 2017, lorsque jâai Ă©crit la premiĂšre version de cet article, jâespĂ©rais encore quâune camĂ©ra finirait par saisir cette silhouette rayĂ©e au dĂ©tour dâune forĂȘt tasmanienne. En 2026, aucune preuve dĂ©cisive nâest apparue. Je serais donc beaucoup plus prudente aujourdâhui : il est extrĂȘmement improbable quâune population viable de thylacines ait traversĂ© prĂšs dâun siĂšcle sans laisser de trace irrĂ©futable. Mais savoir que lâespĂšce a peut-ĂȘtre survĂ©cu bien aprĂšs 1936 rend son histoire encore plus poignante. Nous avons passĂ© des dĂ©cennies Ă la persĂ©cuter, puis nous lâavons protĂ©gĂ©e lorsquâil Ă©tait presque certainement trop tard. Avant de rĂȘver de ressusciter les espĂšces que nous avons dĂ©truites, peut-ĂȘtre faudrait-il commencer par ne pas laisser disparaĂźtre celles qui sont encore lĂ .
The thylacine: extinct since 1936⊠or perhaps a little later?
The thylacine, or Tasmanian tiger, has everything required to become a legend: a strange animal exterminated by humans, a last known individual dying in a zoo in 1936 and, ever since, hundreds of people claiming that it remains hidden somewhere in Tasmania’s vast wilderness. Almost ninety years later, the same question persists: what if we declared it extinct too soon?
A marsupial that looked like a striped wolf
Despite its nicknames of Tasmanian tiger and Tasmanian wolf, Thylacinus cynocephalus was neither a cat nor a dog. It was a carnivorous marsupial and the largest of its kind in modern times. Its elongated body, relatively stiff tail and, above all, the dark stripes across its hindquarters gave it an instantly recognisable silhouette.

It did not disappear from Tasmania because of dingoes
The previous version of this article mixed together two different stories. Thylacines once lived on mainland Australia and in New Guinea, but disappeared from the mainland roughly 3,000 years ago. Competition with dingoes is among the hypotheses proposed for that continental extinction. Dingoes, however, were not present in Tasmania: Bass Strait isolated a thylacine population that survived there into modern times.
The real catastrophe arrived with European settlers
After European settlement, thylacines were blamed for attacks on sheep and treated as vermin. Private bounties appeared during the nineteenth century, followed in 1888 by a Tasmanian government bounty of one pound for an adult and ten shillings for a juvenile. More than 2,000 government bounties were paid before the scheme ended in 1909. Hunting, habitat destruction and fragmentation, and probably other factors including disease, contributed to the species’ decline.

1936: the death of the last known thylacine
The last known thylacine killed in the wild was shot in 1930. Another was captured in the Florentine Valley in 1933 and sent to Beaumaris Zoo in Hobart. It died there on 7 September 1936, only 59 days after the species finally received legal protection. It was long called âBenjaminâ and described as male; more recent research has shown that neither part of that familiar story is established fact.

And yet the sightings never stopped
Since 1936, hundreds of people have reported seeing a thylacine. Rangers, residents, hunters and walkers have described a striped silhouette, unusual gait or long stiff tail. Searches have been organised, cameras installed and countless photographs and videos examined. So far, none has produced conclusive evidence: no confirmed living animal, no recent carcass and no indisputable modern DNA.
That is why some of the claims in the old version of this article were too categorical. Amateur researchers and cryptozoologists have certainly argued that the species survived in remote regions, but conviction is not scientific evidence. Tasmanian authorities continue to regard the species as extinct.
But 1936 may not be the true extinction date
This is where the story becomes genuinely interesting. A scientific study published in 2023 analysed 1,237 reported observations and records from Tasmania since 1910, assigning different levels of reliability to them. Its authors concluded that the species probably survived in the wild for decades after the death of the last captive animal; the highest-quality records suggest true extinction may have occurred between the 1940s and 1970s, while their broader modelling allows for even later persistence. Other statistical studies are far more pessimistic and place the most likely extinction around 1940. Science is therefore not saying that thylacines are still alive. It is simply suggesting that the symbolic date of 1936 may not be as certain as we once believed.

Bringing it back? That begins another story
In recent years, âde-extinctionâ projects have promised to recreate a thylacine-like animal using ancient genetic material and genome-editing techniques. This is not simply a matter of cloning an intact thylacine: no living animal exists to provide the cells required for conventional cloning. The scientific, biological and ethical difficulties remain considerable.

A final thought
When I wrote the first version of this article in 2017, I still hoped a camera might eventually capture that striped silhouette somewhere in a Tasmanian forest. In 2026, no decisive evidence has appeared. I would therefore be much more cautious today: it is extremely unlikely that a viable thylacine population could have survived for almost a century without leaving irrefutable evidence. Yet knowing the species may have persisted well beyond 1936 makes its story even more poignant. We spent decades persecuting it, then protected it when it was almost certainly too late. Before dreaming of resurrecting species we have destroyed, perhaps we should begin by not allowing those still here to disappear.
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